[40][41] The choice of location was deliberate. However, to reflect this lack of governmental or judicial authority, sources on the subject have used the term with quotation marks. This generally accepted version is often termed the "official version", nevertheless. The death of Benito Mussolini, the deposed Italian fascist dictator, occurred on 28 April 1945, in the final days of World War II in Europe, when he was summarily executed by an Italian partisan in the small village of Giulino di Mezzegra in northern Italy. With the final collapse of the German army's Gothic Line in April 1945, total defeat for the Salò Republic and its German protectors was imminent. He claimed that on 28 April he convened a "war tribunal" in Dongo comprising Lampredi, Bellini delle Stelle, Michele Moretti and Lazzaro with himself as president. Togliatti said he had done so by a radio message on 26 April 1945 with the words: Only one thing is needed to decide that they [Mussolini and the other fascist leaders] must pay with their lives: the question of their identity". On the same day as Mussolini left Milan, the CNLAI declared: The members of the fascist government and those fascist leaders who are guilty of having suppressed constitutional guarantees, destroyed the people's freedoms, created the fascist regime, compromised and betrayed the country, bringing it to the current catastrophe are to be punished with the penalty of death.[11]. The historian Hugh Trevor-Roper, who served as a British military intelligence officer during t… The Last Days of Mussolini Quotes. Hardcover. [1] However, within Italy, the subject has been a matter of extensive debate and dispute since the late 1940s to the present and a variety of theories of how Mussolini died has proliferated. With Rod Steiger, Franco Nero, Lisa Gastoni, Lino Capolicchio. There, a furious Mussolini learned that, unbeknownst to him, the Nazis had begun negotiations for an unconditional surrender. At least twelve different individuals have, at various times, been claimed to be the killer. His tomb has become a place of pilgrimage for neo-fascists and the anniversary of his death is marked by neo-fascist rallies. Capture and Execution of Mussolini Mussolini spent his last 7 days in power in Milan, which was the site of his rise to power. In April 1945, with the Allies breaking through the last German defences in northern Italy and a general uprising of the partisans taking hold in the cities, Mussolini's situation became untenable. Mussolini had been Italy's fascist leader since 1922, first as prime minister and, following his seizure of dictatorial powers in 1925, with the title Il Duce. 1975 Italian historical drama film directed by Carlo Lizzani and starring Rod Steiger, Franco Nero and Lisa Gastoni. © 2021 A&E Television Networks, LLC. They were then hung upside down from a metal girder above a service station on the square. “Il Duce” allied himself with fellow fascist Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany in World War II, but his outdated Italian military was badly outclassed. Last Days of Mussolini: | | | Mussolini: ultimo atto| -Last Days of Mussolini- ... World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the most definitive collection ever assembled. Mussolini stormed out of the palace and fled Milan with his 33-year-old mistress, Clara Petacci, in the 1939 Alfa Romeo sport car he had bought as … [56] The discrepancies and obvious exaggerations, coupled with the belief that the Communist Party had selected him to claim responsibility for their own political purposes, led some in Italy to believe that his story was wholly or largely untrue. [35] However, the lack of a judge or a Commissario di Guerra (required by the ordinance to be present) casts doubt on this assertion. Films similar to or like Last Days of Mussolini. The documentary went on to claim that the later shootings at the Villa Belmonte were subsequently staged as part of the "cover up". The note left behind by the “Democratic Fascist Party” stated they would no longer bear “the cannibal slurs made by human dregs organized in the Communist Party.” The corpse was missing for nearly four months before it was found in August 1946 in a monastery outside Milan. Last Days Of Mussolini's trailer is definitely one of the more stylish I've come across. [25][29][32], There were differences in Lampredi's account and that of Audisio. The film depicts the downfall of the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. 14 Day Money Back Guarantee . HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. 1 offer from £180.04. However, the reason given by those involved in hanging Mussolini and the others in this way was to protect the bodies from the mob. According to Lonati, he and "John" went to the De Maria farmhouse in the morning of 28 April and killed Mussolini and Petacci at about 11:00 a.m.[62][67] In 2004, the Italian state television channel, RAI, broadcast a documentary, co-produced by Tompkins, in which the theory was put forward. Lampredi said that Mussolini's last words were "aim at my heart". But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! In 1994 Bruno Lonati, a former partisan leader, published a book in which he claimed that he had shot Mussolini and he was accompanied on his mission by a British army officer called "John", who shot Petacci. Template:Use dmy dates Last Days of Mussolini (Italian: Mussolini: Ultimo atto) is a 1974 Italian historical drama film co-written and directed by Carlo Lizzani and starring Rod Steiger, Franco Nero and Lisa Gastoni. The partisans recognised one Italian fascist leader in the convoy, but not Mussolini at this stage, and made the Germans hand over all the Italians in exchange for allowing the Germans to proceed. See. Hello Select your address All Hello, Sign in. [24], Before long, it was noted that there were discrepancies between Audisio's original story published in L'Unità, subsequent versions that he provided and the versions of events provided by others. Execution of Mussolini in 1945 (Il Duce of Italy) - YouTube In his last days, Mussolini, the tyrant, was in the grip of anger, shame, and depression. On the evening of Mussolini's capture, Sandro Pertini, the Socialist partisan leader in northern Italy, announced on Radio Milano: The head of this association of delinquents, Mussolini, while yellow with rancour and fear and trying to cross the Swiss frontier, has been arrested. Ivanoe Bonomi, the prime minister, later denied that this was said with his government's authority or approval. The Last Six Days of Peace. Rochus Misch, who died aged 96 in 2013, says he walked in on Eva Braun in 'flimsy nighty' The calibres of the bullets were not identified. [42][43] Allied forces began arriving in the city during the course of the morning and an American eyewitness described the crowd as "sinister, depraved, out of control". It was very barbarous. However, the "official" explanation, with Audisio as Mussolini's executioner, remains the most credible narrative. There, eight months earlier, fascists acting under orders from Hitler’s SS publicly displayed the bodies of 15 executed partisans. There’s no uncertainty, however, about what happened to Mussolini’s body in the hours after his execution. In June 1945, the Soviets announced - falsely - that Hitler's remains had not been found and that he was probably still alive. From left to right : Colonel Vito CASALINOVO, Benito MUSSOLINI, Alessandro PAVOLINI who wears the caracteristic black Fascist cap, Francesco BARRACU under-secretary of the presidency of the Fascist republic who wears a bandage to cover his eye, and to the right colonel Giuseppe … The 61-year-old Italian dictator who sought to become a modern-day Julius Caesar had first risen to power more than two decades earlier when he became prime minister in 1922. [42][43][44] This mode of hanging had been used in northern Italy since medieval times to stress the "infamy" of the hanged. The death of Benito Mussolini, the deposed Italian fascist dictator, occurred on 28 April 1945, in the final days of World War II in Europe, when he was summarily executed by an Italian partisan in the small village of Giulino di Mezzegra in northern Italy. [1] Comparisons have been made with the John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories,[10] and it has been described as the Italian equivalent of that speculation. With his stronghold of Milan teetering on the precipice, Mussolini agreed to meet with a delegation of partisans at the palace of Milan’s Cardinal Alfredo Schuster. By April 25, 1945, Benito Mussolini’s dream of re-creating the Roman Empire, much like the crumbling Roman Forum itself, lay in ruins. The intention was to prove the hypothesis that syphilis had caused insanity in him, but nothing resulted from the analysis;[48] no evidence of syphilis was found on his body either. Once the Italian government recovered Mussolini’s corpse, it kept its whereabouts secret for more than a decade. In the post-war years, the "official" version of Mussolini's death has been questioned in Italy (but, generally, not internationally) in a way that has drawn comparison with the John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories. [6], From mid-April Mussolini based himself in Milan, and he and his government took up residence in the city's Prefecture. [36][note 3], During his dictatorship, representations of Mussolini's body—for example pictures of him engaged in physical labour either bare-chested or half-naked—formed a central part of fascist propaganda. Movie & TV guides. Magpie Certified Refurbished Tech. The following day, Mussolini and Petacci were removed from the house and driven to the small village of Giulino di Mezzegra on the shores of Lake Como. [13][14] In all, over fifty fascist leaders and their families were found in the convoy and arrested by the partisans. On Easter Sunday 1946, Mussolini's body was located and dug up by a young fascist, Domenico Leccisi, and two friends. By July 1943, the Allied invasion of Sicily and bombing of Rome caused the Italian high command and King Victor Emmanuel III to remove Mussolini from power and place him under house arrest. "John" took me outside and told me his orders were to eliminate them both, because Petacci knew many things. [18], A senior communist in Milan, Luigi Longo, said that the order came from the General Command of the partisan military units "in application of a CLNAI decision". Mussolini donned a German Luftwaffe helmet and overcoat, but the disguise did little to save him when partisans stopped the convoy at the lakeside town of Dongo on April 27. Throws light on the last twenty months of the despot's life and culminates with the dramatic capture and execution of Benito Mussolini and his mistress Clara Petacci by partisans of the Italian resistance on 28 April, 1945. On 27 April 1945, Mussolini and his mistress Claretta Petacci, together with other fascist leaders, were travelling in a German convoy near the village of Dongo on the north western shore of Lake Como. [25][26] On arrival in Dongo, they met Bellini delle Stelle, who was the local partisan commander, to arrange for Mussolini to be handed over to them. There was no possibility that the many ridiculous versions put about in these years were true...The truth is now unmistakably clear". [7] At the end of the month, the partisan leadership, the Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale Alta Italia (CLNAI),[note 2] declared a general uprising in the main northern cities as the German forces retreated. Last Days of Mussolini|Rod Steiger. Palmiro Togliatti, the Secretary-General of the Communist Party, claimed that he had ordered Mussolini's execution prior to his capture. [note 4] The tomb is decorated with fascist symbols and contains a large marble head of Mussolini. As a post-script, in 1966 Mussolini's brain tissue samples, taken at the autopsy, were returned to his widow by, a German puppet state in northern and central Italy, John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories, Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale Alta Italia, "Historic figures: Benito Mussolini (1883–1945)", "Urbano Lazzaro, The partisan who arrested Mussolini", "Mussolini killed 'on Churchill's orders by British agents, "Winston Churchill 'ordered assassination of Mussolini to protect compromising letters, "Mussolini's brain 'stolen for sale on eBay, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_of_Benito_Mussolini&oldid=1012080340, Short description with empty Wikidata description, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 14 March 2021, at 14:06. She also said that she herself had heard the shots and that she "looked at the clock, it was almost 11". Duce's staff and friends tried to persuade Duce to flee to Spain but he refused to leave his country. [62], They took them out of the house and, at the corner of a nearby lane they were stood against a fence and shot. [34] Urbano Lazzaro later denied that such a tribunal had been convened and said: I was convinced Mussolini deserved death ... but there should have been a trial according to law. Audisio presented Mussolini as acting in a cowardly manner immediately prior to his death whereas Lampredi did not. Adolf Hitler's 'last bodyguard' reveals what happened in Nazi leader’s final minutes in the Berlin bunker. Eventually, in 1957, his remains were allowed to be interred in the Mussolini family crypt in his home town of Predappio (Emilia-Romagna). Best Horror Movies. Movie footage of what happened appears to confirm that to be the case. Audisio himself did not speak publicly about it until he published his account in a series of five articles in L'Unità later that month (and repeated in a book that Audisio later wrote which was published in 1975, two years after his death). Determined not to give his enemies the satisfaction of killing him or defiling his body, Hitler committed suicide on April 30 and had his corpse subsequently burned. 4.0 out of 5 stars 5. [50] Over a period of sixteen weeks it was moved from place to place — the hiding places included a villa, a monastery and a convent — while the authorities searched for it. This book offers evidence that Walter Audisio did in fact pull the trigger. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}45°58′53″N 9°12′13″E / 45.98126°N 9.2035°E / 45.98126; 9.2035 The tomb has become a neo-fascist place of pilgrimage. FREE 12 Month Warranty on Tech. There were no objections to any of the proposed executions. Others have claimed that Mussolini (or Mussolini and Petacci together) committed suicide with cyanide capsules. 4.0 out of 5 stars 48. A US army cameraman took photographs of the bodies for publication, including one with Mussolini and Petacci positioned in a macabre pose as though they were arm-in-arm. The last days of Mussolini e' un libro di Deakin, Frederick William pubblicato da Penguin books. Soon after Hitler received Mussolini's letter, he responded by asking for a detailed list of the materials that Italy would need in order to take the initiative in a … [19] Longo asked another partisan, Aldo Lampredi, to go as well because, according to Lampredi, Longo thought Audisio was "impudent, too inflexible and rash". With the Allies closing in from the south and anti-fascist partisans rising up to seize city after city in northern Italy, Mussolini’s power base was quickly evaporating. I read utter exhaustion, but not fear ... Mussolini seemed completely lacking in will, spiritually dead. The bodies were beaten, shot at, and hit with hammers. With George C. Scott, David Suchet, Spencer Chandler, Lee Grant. After spending 11 years in the cupboard of a Capuchin monastery, Mussolini’s body finally received a burial in the family crypt in his birthplace of Predappio, which has become a pilgrimage site for neo-fascists. [71], Other theories have been published, including allegations that not only Luigi Longo, subsequently leader of the Communist Party in post-war Italy, but also Sandro Pertini, a future President of Italy, carried out the shootings. They were ordered to stand in front of a stone wall at the entrance to Villa Belmonte where both were executed by machine gun fire. [3] Later that year, he was rescued from prison in the Gran Sasso raid by German special forces and Hitler installed him as leader of the Italian Social Republic, a German puppet state set up in northern Italy and based at the town of Salò near Lake Garda. Looking for The last days of Mussolini - Ray Moseley Paperback? Initially, Mussolini was buried in an unmarked grave but, in 1946, his body was dug up and stolen by fascist supporters. [5], Slowly fighting their way up the Italian peninsula, the Allies took Rome and then Florence in the summer of 1944 and later that year they began advancing into northern Italy. Lonati was interviewed for the documentary and claimed that when he arrived at the farmhouse: Petacci was sitting on the bed and Mussolini was standing. It is said that the correspondence included offers from Churchill of peace and territorial concessions in exchange for Mussolini persuading Hitler to join the western Allies in an alliance against the Soviet Union. [27], Audisio was first named in a series of articles in the newspaper Il Tempo in March 1947 and the Communist Party subsequently confirmed Audisio's involvement. In the pre-dawn hours of April 29 the corpses of Mussolini, Petacci and 14 fellow fascists were placed in a truck and dumped like garbage in Milan’s Piazzale Loreto, a deeply symbolic public square for the anti-fascist forces. The rise and fall of the Italian fascist dictator, Benito Mussolini. He must be handed over to a tribunal of the people so it can judge him quickly. [43] After a while, the bodies were hoisted up on to the metal girder framework of a half-built Standard Oil service station, and hung upside down on meat hooks. [19], Although several conflicting versions and theories of how Mussolini and Petacci died were put forward after the war, the account of Walter Audisio, or at least its essential components, remains the most credible and is sometimes referred to in Italy as the "official" version. A group of local communist partisans led by Pier Luigi Bellini delle Stelle and Urbano Lazzaro attacked the convoy and forced it to halt. Four months later it was recovered by the authorities who then kept it hidden for the next eleven years. In 1945, the dictator of fascist Italy and Hitler's close ally Benito Mussolini faces defeat. Two Franciscan friars were charged with assisting Leccisi to hide the body. Fearing that the Nazis would again try to liberate the dictator, the partisans hid the pair in a remote farmhouse for the night. According to the latter, when he met Audisio in Dongo, Audisio asked for a list of the fascist prisoners that had been captured the previous day and marked Mussolini's and Petacci's names for execution. DVD. [49], After his death and the display of his corpse in Milan, Mussolini was buried in an unmarked grave in the Musocco cemetery, to the north of the city. According to Bellini delle Stelle no other discussion or formalities concerning the decision to execute them took place.[34]. Only 4 left in stock (more on the way). Allegedly, it was part of a "cover up" to retrieve "secret agreements" and compromising correspondence between the two men, which Mussolini was carrying when he was captured by partisans. Mussolini last days and death from his enemies Mussolini’s last days and stories of death at the hands of enemies 75 years ago. Mussolini on April 28, 1945, 75 years ago, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini and his girlfriend Clarita were killed. To that end, they interrogated various members of Hitler's personal staff who had been with the dictator in late April 1945. … [62], The theory has been criticised for lacking any serious evidence, particularly on the existence of the correspondence with Churchill. [12] Lazzaro later said that: His face was like wax and his stare glassy, but somehow blind. Mussolini's Italy: Life Under the Dictatorship, 1915-1945 Richard Bosworth. Last Days of Mussolini. [55], Outside of Italy, Audisio's version of how Mussolini was executed has largely been accepted and is uncontroversial. Cart All. He would deserve to be killed like a mangy dog.[17]. Throws light on the last twenty months of the despot's life and culminates with the dramatic capture and execution of Benito Mussolini and his mistress Clara Petacci by partisans of the … The whereabouts of the body was kept a secret, even from Mussolini's family. The final saga for Mussolini and Petacci began when Il Duce arrived in Milan at 7 pm on April 18, just ll days before his death, with Ms. Petacci, the eldest daughter of a … FREE Delivery on all Orders! Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce Ray Moseley. [28][29] After they were picked up, they drove a short distance to the village of Giulino di Mezzegra. Top 200 of all time 150 Essential Comedies. [24] Although each of these accounts vary in detail, they are consistent on the main facts. Product details. [27] Other versions of the story were also published, including, in the 1960s, two books setting out the "classical" account of the story: Dongo, la fine di Mussolini by Lazzaro and Bellini delle Stelle and Le ultime 95 ore di Mussolini by journalist Franco Bandini. In September 1943, Nazi paratroopers staged a daring commando raid that rescued Mussolini from the Apennine Mountain ski resort where he was being detained. Directed by Carlo Lizzani. The corpses were pelted with vegetables, spat at, urinated on, shot at and kicked; Mussolini's face was disfigured by beatings. Buy The Last Days of Mussolini by Ray Moseley (ISBN: 9780750944502) from Amazon's Book Store. Execution prior to his death whereas Lampredi omitted this above a service station on the way ) 's. Grip on northern Italy, meanwhile, was in the hours after his death, that had! 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